What Is Sip Trunk

What a SIP trunk is? A SIP trunk is an IP connection that establishes a SIP communications link between your organization and an Internet telephony service provider (ITSP) beyond your firewall. Typically, a SIP trunk is used to connect your organization’s central site to an ITSP. In some cases, you may also opt to use SIP trunking to connect your branch site to an ITSP. Unlike in traditional telephony, where bundles of physical wires were once delivered from the service provider to a business, a SIP trunk allows a company to replace these traditional fixed PSTN lines with PSTN connectivity via a SIP trunking service provider on the Internet.SIP trunks can offer significant cost-savings for enterprises, eliminating the need for local PSTN gateways, costly ISDN BRIs (Basic Rate Interfaces) or PRIs (Primary Rate Interfaces). Why you would use a SIP trunk? Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used to initiate and manage Voice over IP (VoIP) communications sessions for basic teleph one service and for additional real-time communication services, such as instant messaging, conferencing, presence detection, and multimedia. This section provides planning information for implementing SIP trunks, a type of SIP connection that extends beyond the boundary of your local network.Deploying SIP trunking can be a big step toward simplifying your organization’s telecommunications and preparing for up-to-date enhancements to real-time communications. One of the primary advantages of SIP trunking is that you can consolidate your organization’s connections to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) at a central site, as opposed to its predecessor, time division multiplexing (TDM) trunking, which typically requires a separate trunk from each branch site. RFCs that discuss SIP trunking Best Practices for SIP Trunks:Since SIP trunks are meant for interconnection between servers, they SHOULD run over TCP. Authentication SHOULD be done using mutual TLS authentic ation, with both sides of the trunk providing a TLS Certificate. TODO: might be interesting to recommend some practices for usage of phone numbers, but this might be out of scope here. Security Considerations: Servers providing SIP trunks will need to authenticate and authorize access to those trunk services. This specification recommends usage of the practices defined and required in RFC 3261 – mutual TLS uthentication – for this purpose. In some cases, the requests sent on SIP trunks can require confidentiality and message integrity. In such cases, usage of mutual authenticated TLS is RECOMMENDED. [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J. , Schulzrinne, H. , Camarillo, G. , Johnston, A. , Peterson, J. , Sparks, R. , Handley, M. , and E Schooler, â€Å"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol†, RFC 3261, June 2002. [RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers†, RFC 3263, June 2002.Informative References: [RFC4458] Jenni ngs, C. , Audet, F. , and J. Elwell, â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) URIs for Applications such as Voicemail and Interactive Voice Response (IVR)†, RFC 4458, April 2006. [RFC4480] Schulzrinne, H. , Gurbani, V. , Kyzivat, P. , and J. Rosenberg, â€Å"RPID: Rich Presence Extensions to the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF)†, RFC 4480, July 2006. [RFC3903] Niemi, A. , â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Event State Publication†, RFC 3903, October 2004.

Are Literature Circle Effective

Literature circles are mostly used during a classroom to expand the view of the book and really see the details in each others opinion, but are they effective? Multiple students find literature circles helpful in understanding the book and they all have their own job when it comes to coming together and discussing what they read. In a certain way literature circles are helpful when it comes to comprehending the book everyone in your group is reading. You also get to bond more with the other people in your group, increase your discussion skills and vocabulary as well. Everyone in the group has their own opinion so when a question is asked about a certain paragraph or page, you can all discuss why you answered what you did. â€Å"Literature circles are effective for team building abilities, discussion skills, and reading comprehension†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Matt) Even though staying on task is one of the tricky parts of literature circles, they truly are helpful. Literature circles are a great way for students to read and enjoy a book, especially high school students because most teenagers now a days do not read as much as they should. It’s a wonderful tool as well, so they can learn to work effectively together. When your in your group you can have a discussion director, summarizer, vocabulary reporter, and a passage master. Discussion directors create questions about the passage they read and take notes during the discussion. Summarizers are the ones that summarize the passage. Vocabulary reporters look for significant words in the passage that caught their eyes and discuses them with the group. Passage master find passages in the reading that everyone should notice, remember, or think about. Everyone in a literature circle has a job so they can all work together and compare thoughts. This is an important tool when comprehending a book. Everyone has a way to contribute, and work together. Literature circles are very helpful when it comes to your reading, vocabulary, and discussion skills. You get to hear others opinion about the reading so you can understand how they felt. So sincerely literature circles are very effective.

Cold Drinks Essay

Soft drinks are non-alcoholic water-based flavoured drinks that are optionally sweetened, acidulated and carbonated. Some carbonated soft drinks also contain caffeine; mainly the brown-coloured cola drinks. PROBLEM STATEMENT To find out consumers buying behaviour and to identify gaps in the industry if any. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To find out the factors affecting soft drinks buying pattern. To find out the consumers buying habits. Seasonal changes in the buying habits. To find out the consumer’s future requirements and conceptualize an innovative product. To study the overall Beverages industry. SOFT DRINKS MARKET – AN OVERVIEW. Global Scenario The global soft drink industry is highly concentrated, being largely controlled by the two multinational companies; Coca Cola and PepsiCo. Coca Cola leads the carbonated soft drink market in most countries in the world with 60% of the global cola market with its flagship Coca-Cola brand. Other notable players include Cadbury Schweppes. Indian Scenario In the booming soft drinks industry, multinationals seem to be the biggest winners in terms of market share. The Coca-Cola Company led the highly consolidated market with a 42. 8% volume share, followed by PepsiCo at 28. 6% in 2004. Danone is a minor player in India with a 0. 5% share, chiefly due to its late market entry and limited offerings. According to government estimates soft drinks marketed in India were 6540 million bottles in March 2001. The market growth rate, which was around 2-3% in ‘80s, increased to 5-6% in the early ‘90s and is presently 7-8% per annum. Most of the sales of soft drinks take place during summers while just 5-6% of total sales take place in winters. In summers the high season lasts for 70-75 days, which contributes more than 50% of the total yearly sales. In terms of regional distribution cola drinks have main markets in metro cities and northern states of UP, Punjab, Haryana etc. Orange flavoured drinks and sodas are popular in southern states. Western markets have preference towards mango-flavoured drinks. Non-alcoholic beverage market can be divided into fruit drinks and soft drinks. Soft drinks available in glass bottles, aluminium cans, PET bottles or disposable containers can be divided into carbonated and non-carbonated drinks. Cola, lemon and oranges are carbonated drinks and non-carbonated drinks include mango drinks. Soft drinks can also be divided into cola products and non-cola products. Cola products in Indian include brands like Pepsi Cola, Diet Pepsi, Coca- Cola, Diet Coke, Thumps Up etc. Cola drinks account for nearly 61-62% of the total soft drinks market in India. Non-Cola products account for 36% the total soft drink market. Until 1990s, domestic players like Parle Group (Thumps Up, Limca, Goldspot) dominated the softdrink market in India. However, with the advent of the MNC players like Pepsi (1991) and Coke (re-entered in 1993 after it was banned in 1977) in the early 1990s, the market control shifted towards them by the late 1990s. The per capita consumption of soft drinks in India is among the lowest in the world – 5 bottles per annum compared to the 800 bottles per annum in the USA. Delhi reports the highest per capita consumption in the country – 50 bottles per annum. The consumption of PET bottles is more in the urban areas (75% of total PET bottle [plastic bottles] consumption) whereas the sales of 200ml bottles were higher in the rural areas. According to a survey, 91% of the soft drink consumption in India is in the lower, lower middle and upper middle class section. After a somewhat subdued performance in 2006 due to a recurrence of the pesticides controversy, soft drinks sales bounced back strongly to record double-digit volume growth in 2007. With carbonates growth back on a positive upward curve alongside burgeoning sales of fruit/vegetable juice and bottles water, soft drinks showed impressive growth in 2007. Off-trade volumes grew slightly faster than on-trade volumes, driven by higher consumption of packaged and branded soft drinks at home and on the go. The emergence of supermarkets/hypermarkets, heavy consumer promotions and various new product launches played a key role in driving off-trade volume growth. Soft drinks sales in 2007 were propelled by bottled water and fruit/vegetable juice with their healthier positioning helping to drive sales of soft drinks. While carbonates posted single-digit growth in 2007, rebounding from the pesticides controversy of 2006, it was bottled water and fruit/vegetable juice that stormed ahead with high double-digit growth rates. Poor municipal infrastructure for tap water has pushed sales of bulk packaged water to households. Fruit/vegetable juice is growing as a result of increased consumer expenditure on naturally healthy (NH) beverages. While functional drinks and RTD tea also posted impressive growth in 2007, they were growing from a very small base and are yet to achieve a critical mass in terms of establishing a loyal consumer base. With consumers showing a growing preference for healthier soft drinks such as bottled water and fruit/vegetable juice rather than carbonates in 2007, the two carbonates giants suffered a marginal decline in share. Although both players embarked on a change in strategy to focus more on non-carbonated soft drinks in their portfolios, they were unable to maintain share and lost out slightly to home-grown players Parle Bisleri and Dabur India. Coca-Cola India launched Minute Maid and pushed the sales of its juices while PepsiCo India heavily promoted Tropicana, Aquafina and Gatorade during 2007. In addition, Coca-Cola India and PepsiCo India embarked on re-branding themselves as total beverage players and not just carbonates players. With the retail scene in India undergoing a rapid metamorphosis with the establishment of supermarkets/ hypermarkets and convenience stores, soft drinks sales have benefited positively. People in urban areas are increasingly flocking to supermarkets to pick up speciality items that are not available in the kirana stores that are found all over India. Modern retail outlets have provided soft drinks players with many opportunities to push their brands. Consumer promotions for fruit/vegetable juice and emerging sectors such as RTD tea and functional drinks are driving product sampling. Attractive point-of-sale (PoS) displays and gift packs of concentrates are also drawing consumer attention in supermarkets/hypermarkets. Heath drinks Soft drinks is expected to post a strong performance on the back of increasing affluence amongst consumers and evolving lifestyles which lead to consumers devoting less time to preparing fresh food and drink at home. Competition from the unorganised sector will diminish gradually as consumers show greater aversion to buying unpackaged and unbranded soft drinks from street vendors due to health and hygiene concerns. Rising health consciousness is also expected to drive sales of naturally healthy (NH) soft drinks such as 100% juice and mineral water. In addition, soft drinks such as sports drinks and juice-based carbonates are also expected to fare well over the forecast period as consumers perceive them to be healthy. Softdrinks can be segmented on the basis of carbonation, flavor type or place of consumption. Based on carbonation, soft drinks are principally classified into carbonated and non-carbonated drinks. While the carbonated drinks mainly include Cola, orange and lemon, the non-carbonated drinks include mango flavors. Cola products account for over 60% of the total soft drink market and include popular brands such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Thumps Up etc. Non-cola segment constitutes for over 35% of the market and can be divided into four sub groups based on types of available flavours that include – *Orange: Popular brands include Fanta, Mirinda Orange etc. *Clear lime: 7Up, Sprite *Cloudy lime: Limca, Mirinda Lemon. *Mango: Maaza, Slice Carbonates account for over 54% of total soft drinks sales in volume terms in India, with sales amounting to 2. 3 billion litres in 2004. CONSUMER’S PROFILE Soft drinks are impulse purchase products, and there is an element of indulgence associated with them. It does not figure very high on the shopping list. The consumer buys it just to while away time or as a substitute to water. Since, the older generation is of the opinion that nothing can substitute water, the companies generally target the youngsters, teenagers, children, employee of corporate offices. As these products are general fun drink, brand loyalties are not strong for a particular brand and consumers look for novelty and new flavors. Soft drinks consumption heavily relies on seasons. Though consumers are becoming health conscious, fans of classic carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) still are on the large. SAMPLING DESIGN TARGET POPULATION Consumers are surveyed to know their preference. The respondents are between the age group of 15 to 40. All the respondents are residents of Mumbai city. SELECTING A SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The sampling was done on a random basis whereby the respondents visited and primary data is collected. The Respondents were selected as per convenience sampling. RESEARCH DESIGN The research design was Exploratory in nature. Secondary Data and the Data from the Questionnaire were used to do the Analysis. This Exploratory research was done to give the insights about Consumers buying behaviour. The factors affecting their purchase of Soft- Drinks. DATA COLLECTION: The Primary data was collected through questionnaire administered to Consumers. The Secondary Data was collected through Internet, Business journals. The questionnaire was designed keeping the overall objectives and the information required. The questionnaire administered to the Consumers was aimed at finding out their preference & factors affecting their purchase decision for Soft drinks and also to identify how these existing products can be improved according to the consumers. DATA ANALYSIS: Data Analysis is being done arranging the data in tabular forms and using graphical representations. The survey conducted and the related findings. How many bottles (consider 350 ml) of cold drinks do you consume? CONSUMPTION IN BOTTLES (350 ml) 1 in a week1 in 4 days1 in 2 days>1 in a day 25 %42%27%6% Analysis. Consumers proffered having cold drinks once in a week or 4 days. Regular consumers were few. Consumption increased during the summers. Consumption is more amongst teenagers and youngsters. Young professionals also consumed cold drinks regularly mostly since it came complimentary with other food items such as pizzas or burgers. It is also used by working professionals as lunch-time substitute for water. Do you generally stick to brands ? YES89% NO11% Analysis: It is seen that, consumers are highly brand conscious. The big brands have been successful in creating loyalty towards their products in the long run. But, it is seen that, the consumers are not particular about one specific brand. As long as the brand is known to him/her, the product would be consumed. Also, the safety issues concerning beverages are high. Hence, unbranded beverages are not popular. Do you stick to a particular brand? YES27% NO73% Analysis: It is seen that consumers look for branded beverages, but not for a particular product as such. As long as the product is from a well- known brand, it will be consumed. It is also seen that, whenever a particular soft-drink isn’t available, any other substitute works. Hence, switching brands is relatively easy. Do you prefer ‘no fizz’ drinks (e. g. Slice, Maaza) or ‘strong fizz’ drinks e. g. (Thumbs up or Pepsi) ? Fizz LevelPercentage Strong Fizz16. 7% Light Fizz25% No Fizz58. 3% Analysis A very significant trend-shift towards no-carbonated drinks is seen. Previously, CSD (carbonated Soft drinks) have been very popular. Recently this trend has been changing. People now prefer ‘no fizz’ drinks. ‘Strong fizz’ i. e. cold drinks with high carbon concentration are running low on popularity. How Important are the following Factors ? Analysis. Most important factors as considered by consumers as per the survey results, are Brand, flavour and nutritional value. Shape of the bottle or packaging is the least important criteria. Flavour is also an important factor. Data table is given below : FactorsLeast ImportantSomewhat ImportantAverageImportantCriticalN/ARating Average Color22. 2% 44. 4% 11. 1% 0. 0% 11. 1% 11. 1% 2. 25 Flavour0. 0% 22. 2% 22. 2% 33. 3% 22. 2% 0. 0% 3. 56 Quantity0. 0% 16. 7% 50. 0% 33. 3% 0. 0% 0. 0% 3. 17 Nutrition value0. 0% 20. 0% 10. 0% 50. 0%20. 0% 0. 0% 3. 70 Shape of bottle42. 9%0. 0% 28. 6% 0. 0% 14. 3% 14. 3% 2. 33 Packaging50. 0% 16. 7% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 0% 33. 3% 1. 25 Brand11. 1% 0. 0% 11. 1% 22. 2% 44. 4% 11. 1% 4. 00 Exclusivity0. 0% 16. 7% 16. 7% 16. 7% 0. 0% 50. 0% 3. 00 Would you prefer nutritious drinks over others? YES72% NO22% Analysis : People are growing more health conscious due to the changing trends, growing awareness levels, better education and standard of living. This leads them towards more nutritional drinks. Consumers are now looking for cold-drinks that also satisfy other needs or provide added benefits along with being just a cold drink, Do you like energy drinks more? YES68% NO32% Analysis: Energy drinks are quite popular in the Indian markets with Red Bull being the prime player and a few other brands. The prices are still high considering the Indian markets. Would you like a glucose induced packaged drinking water ? YES79. 3% NO20. 7% Analysis: Packaged drinking water sales have grown manifolds in the last decade due to improper hygiene and improper municipal care. Consumers seem keen on having a product that can provide them added benefits with the packaged drinking water, such as, glucose induced water. Do you prefer the classic CSD (carbonated soft drinks) over anything else ? YES41% NO59% Analysis There are a significant percentage of consumers who have strong preferences towards carbonated soft drinks. Most of these respondents are male. Would you buy a drink that comes in 3 variations depending on its level of ‘fizz’? YES79. 3% MAYBE23. 1% NO20. 7% Analysis : In this question, a conceptual product with 3 levels of fizz was put up to the respondents. The audience responded quite favourably towards the idea. Since there is a divide amongst consumers who prefer strong fizz and the others who prefer no fizz drinks, such a product is given a thumbs up by the consumers. Would you like to have an additional product (e. g. chips) as a packaged product along with your cold drinks? YES53. 8% MAYBE30. 8% NO15. 4% Analysis: Generally, consumers have cold drinks along with wafers, chips or some kind of snack. In this question, the reaction of consumers is noted for how would they like it if the companies could come up with some offer where in the snacks come up bundled with the soft drink. These snacks can be suited best for the taste of the particular product along with which it could be supplied. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATIONS: The soft drinks market is an attractive industry with lot of scope for new entrants. Even if there are branded players since decades, trends are shifting now towards unconventional products. New innovations regarding flavour and nutritional value are most welcomed by the consumers. Lifestyles are changing and stress levels are high. This drives consumers to look for added benefits with the conventional ‘colas’. Hence, now consumers prefer cold drinks with natural fruit extracts, flavoured milk or energy drinks. A certain dislike towards carbonated drinks is seen especially amongst female consumers. As compared to other soft drinks these nutritional drinks are bit pricier. Ways should be thought of to reduce these rates and make them more affordable. Also, there are only mango flavoured, lemon flavoured or orange flavoured drinks available in the no-fizz category. More flavours can be tried. Brands should stress more on the nutritional value of the cold-drink and specify exactly how much of the daily nutrition will it provide them. A new product especially for females could be come up with. APPENDIX Cold drinks 1. Default Section 1. How many bottles (consider 350 ml) of cold drinks do you consume? How many bottles (consider 350 ml) of cold drinks do you consume? one in a week one in 4 days one in 2 days one in a day more than 1 bottle in a day Other (please specify) 2. Do you generally stick to one brand or easily switch brands? Do you generally stick to one brand or easily switch brands? Yes No Maybe 3. Do you prefer ‘no fizz’ drinks (e. g. Slice, Maaza) or ‘strong fizz’ drinks like Thumbs up or Pepsi? Do you prefer ‘no fizz’ drinks (e. g. Slice, Maaza) or ‘strong fizz’ drinks like Thumbs up or Pepsi?no fizz light fizz strong fizz Other (please specify) 4. Please select according to your preference (5 being the highest) Least ImportantSomewhat ImportantAverageImportantCriticalN/A Color Please select according to your preference (5 being the highest) Color Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A Flavour Flavour Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A Quantity Quantity Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A Nutrition value Nutrition value Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A. Shape of bottle Shape of bottle Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A Packaging Packaging Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A Brand Brand Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A Exclusivity Exclusivity Least Important Somewhat Important Average Important Critical N/A 5. Would you like your cold drink bottle to come in varied sizes so that it can be accomodated anywhere? Would you like your cold drink bottle to come in varied sizes so that it can be accomodated anywhere? Yes No Maybe. Other (please specify) 6. Would you buy a drink that comes in 3 variations depending on its level of ‘fizz’? Would you buy a drink that comes in 3 variations depending on its level of ‘fizz’? Yes No Maybe 7. Would you prefer your cold drink bottles to preserve the fizz for several days after opening the bottle? Would you prefer your cold drink bottles to preserve the fizz for several days after opening the bottle? Yes No Maybe 8. Would you like to have an additional product (e. g chips) as a packaged product along with your cold drinks? Would you like to have an additional product (e.g chips) as a packaged product along with your cold drinks? Yes No Maybe 9. Would you like to buy cold drinks, if you will get some promotional offer along with your cold drinks? Would you like to buy cold drinks, if you will get some promotional offer along with your cold drinks? Yes No Maybe 10. Gender? Gender? Male Female. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://resources. bnet. com/index. php? http://www. agriculture-industry-india. com/agricultural-commodities/soft-drinks. html http://www. foodindustryindia. com http://www. euromonitor. com http://www. icmrindia. org.

Teaching Literacy Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching Literacy Midterm - Essay Example 326.) The demands of making meanings, stresses the students to activate their prior knowledge and schemata abilities. Schema theory explains how our previous experiences, knowledge, emotions, and understandings affect what and how we learn. (Harvey & Goudvis, 2000). Lapp, Flood & Farnan (2004, p.326) writes that, "Content area teaching has a detailed link with schema theory and prior knowledge."The notion of 'prior knowledge' comprises of few subordinate ideas, which are the 'characteristics of prior knowledge', 'historical back ground', the circumstances of learning and 'classroom acts' (Lapp, Flood & Farnan (2004, p. 326). Lapp, Flood & Farnan (2004, p. 326) write that, "This collection of related, hierarchically arranged ideas is a schema." Few followers of this theory even believed that the single most influential factor is the existing and prior knowledge of the readers on which it depends that what he ends up learning from the material (Eric Digest). The accuracy, sufficiency and appropriateness of a schema, needs to be tackled by the instructor in a very delicate and planned manner. Students can make most out of their schemas if only the teachers know how to activate it. (Lapp, Flood & Farnan, 2004, p. ... The renewed awareness in reading was reinforced by the International Reading Association in 1999. The document focused on "advanced levels of literacy" and considered "their ability to read will be crucial". Many instructors turned to interactive manner of teaching reading. Boothe and Walter (1999) quote McCormick, T. (1988) who writes that, "It one of the most promising approaches to the theory of reading today." Boothe and Walter (1999) write that, "An interactive reading model is a reading model that recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process." But the reader needs "to interacting with the text, is selective in using just as little of the cues from text as necessary to construct meaning (Goodman, K. 1981). Most of the reading models, share a common postulation, that many "variables impact student's learning from text" (Pearson, Kamil, Bar & Mosenthal, 2000, p.647). They concerned themselves with cognitive psychology, schema, instructional strategies and the text. Boothe and Walter (1999) while quoting Rumelhart, D. 1985 write, "write that, "These various sources of information appear to interact in many complex ways during the process of reading In this scenario the teacher has to play a role of an instructional designer and their tool is 'text'. Once students are able to develop an understanding of text and identify the text structures then the road begins for towards independent reading. According to Buehl (2009, p.72) the benefits of involving the students in this model means "to condition the students to read material at different rates for verifying purposes" is similar to the core principle of content area literacy. The learners

(research proposal)Exaime the diffculties african carribian lone Essay

(research proposal)Exaime the diffculties african carribian lone parent face in employement in the united kingdom - Essay Example will include, how many employed Afro-Caribbean lone parents in a selected sample have an economically sound job and what is the average distance they have to travel to reach their employment station, how many hours does an Afro-Caribbean lone parent work on an average and how many hours does he/she spend with his/her child/children, what kind of public transport facilities are available for a working Afro-Caribbean lone parent and what kind of support an Afro-Caribbean lone parent receives from his/her family members. One major study on the economic status of lone parents in UK was done by J. Millar and Karen Rowlingson (2001). Millar and Rowlingson (2001, pp.180) have found that the majority of lone-parent families in Britain are White but some ethnic minority groups are over-represented among lone-parent families (such as Afro-carrebian women). Another study (Giddens &Griffiths, 2006, pp.215) has also substantiated this as a fact by noting that â€Å"there are far fewer black women aged between twenty and forty four living with a husband than there are white women in the same age group.† Millar and Rowlingson (2001, pp.183) have observed, â€Å"the link between high rates of lone parenthood and lack of labour demand causes problems for lone parents for seeking paid work.†These researchers (Millar & Rowlingson, 2001, pp.183) have inferred that one reason for the high rate of lone parenthood in certain areas is owing to the deficiency of decent paid jobs for men in the locality, which detracts them from becoming â€Å"husband-father-breadwinners.† Hence they (Millar & Rowlingson, 2001, pp.183) have suggested that â€Å"improving employment opportunities in deprived areas for both men and women could therefore increase the labour market participation of lone parents, while at the same time reduce the number of lone parent families.† It was when New Labour came to power in UK that the policies on lone parents underwent a drastic change. Millar and Rowlingson (2001,

First Amendment Legal Precedents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

First Amendment Legal Precedents - Essay Example Here, Las Vegas is attempting to assert that a public street is a private place and the notion flies in the face of the first amendment. If the city of Las Vegas regulates the content of the expression, there must be a compelling state interest and must be narrowly written to achieve that interest. Perry Education Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n, 460 U.S. 37 (1983). Restrictions on speech in a public forum will likely also be upheld if the expressive activity being regulated is a type that is not entitled to full First Amendment protection, such as obscenity. Laws that regulate the time, manner, and place, but not content, of speech in a public forum receive less scrutiny by the Court than do laws that restrict the content of expression. It is not necessary that a content-neutral law be the least restrictive alternative, but only that the government's interest would be achieved less effectively without it. Ward v. Rock against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, (1989). A distinction is drawn between public premises that serve as traditional public forums and those that constitute limited public forums. For example, state fairgrounds are public premises that have not traditionally served as public forums. The government is allowed to impose more restrictions on free speech in limited public forums than in traditional public forums. In Heffron v. ... Here there is nothing to indicate that the grounds are private and as such the protest should be allowed subject to any limitations set forth by Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness. 2. 10 points - Harvey Case- information attached Do you think Judge Ross's ruling that William Harvey's arrest was a legitimate exercise of government power was a sound legal decision Or do you agree with the New York Civil Liberties Union's director that the ruling violated Harvey's First Amendment rights Explain your answer citing the legal rules that apply to free speech and explaining how you believe they apply to the particular facts surrounding William Harvey's arrest. One of the freedoms that we as Americans enjoy is the freedom of speech and with any freedom, comes the drawbacks. Setting aside the sickening notion that America in any way deserved the tragic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the fact remains that everyone is entitled to express their opinions. Laws that limit inciting or provocative speech often called fighting words, or offensive expressions such as pornography, are subject to what the United States Supreme Court has determined a strict scrutiny test. The government may impose content regulations on certain categories of expression that do not merit First Amendment protection. For example, the Court stated in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, (1942),"There are certain defined and narrowly limited classes of speech, the prevention and punishment of which have never bee,n thought to raise constitutional problems."Â  

Education Management Systems Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education Management Systems - Personal Statement Example The task assigned is primarily to man the communication systems of the ground operations of the peacekeeping unit. This being a very critical job in any military operation and any slight error here could even disrupt the planned strategy of the operations. Further, being with diverse group of people from different countries, the operational effectiveness would heavily rely on our personal traits. Though initially I was a little doubtful on the success of my initiative, the skills acquired during the younger days when I had spent weeks with the convicts and addicts in an awareness initiative might have given the openness to associate with people with different culture, language, habit and style. Though these are the traits that have helped me to bring out the best in the field of my operation, I am also aware of a lot of missing virtues in me. Being away from home for considerable period of time, absence of emotional bond with the friends and relatives is the major lacuna in me. This has led to fewer friends back home and also at work. But being with the job that I like the most, these shortcomings seldom disturbs me at the moment.

Motivational Activities of Part time Staff at Tesco Essay

Motivational Activities of Part time Staff at Tesco - Essay Example The deductive method proves reliable in this study because theoretical arguments will be of critical significance. Interpretivism is one of the underlined philosophies that governs qualitative research and will be applied in this study (Klenke 2008, p. 67). The outstanding strategy in this research will be the construction of a correlation and observation of the existing motivational activities and the pertinent satisfaction exhibited by part time staff at Tesco. Since this study focuses on establishing the existing relationship between the motivational activities of Tesco and the level of satisfaction exhibited by part time workers, it falls under the category of relational studies (Merriam 2002, 123). This research will focus on Tesco express for a defined period and hence the study is cross-sectional. Primary and secondary Researches  Two types of data will form the core of this survey and such data will emanate from the primary and the secondary researches. Primary data will be the data collected from the 30 participants identified from this research. A rigorous analysis and evaluation of such primary data will serve to inform the researchers of the probable findings (Miles, Huberman, & SaldanÃŒÆ'a 2014, p. 143). In addition, the research will also consider an extensive literature review as a reliable source of secondary data in a bid to support the primary data. The literature review will consider the conclusions drawn from existing studies and the theories developed from such studies.

Is the UK economy out of recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Is the UK economy out of recession - Essay Example The wealth of the households residing in UK had increased drastically mainly because of the housing bubble and an increase in stock market. Aggregate demand nurtured the level of employment with its major portion stemming from the public sector. However, the recent financial turmoil undermined the economy and it was forced to sink into a serious recession. The percentage increase in GDP of UK had been stable over the past decade. According to the data it has been observed that a recessionary phase has been experienced almost after 18 years; last time it was observed in 90’s which is evident from Figure 1. As we know that, recessions are marked by a percentage decrease in GDP generally over two to three quarters thus we can draw a valid inference from the figure that UK plunged into the recession in year 2008. The crisis traces its root in the financial sector which is the flagship of the UK’s economy. Since the financial sector is closely interlinked to all the other sectors, it exerted a detrimental effect on the other parts of the economy. As we know that financial sector mainly assist individuals and businesses in borrowing and lending of funds therefore this crisis had its impact on the ability of households and businesses to finance their needs. Public finances were hit hard by this upheaval which limited the ability of UK’s government to use fiscal policy to monitor the situation. The current economic scenario is pointing an auspicious beginning for UK as the financial turbulence which swept across the world has subsided to a quite large extent. After six consecutive quarters of recession from April 2008 to September 2009, UK has finally unfettered from the recession since it has experienced a 0.1% growth in its GDP in the last quarter of the year (Figure 2) (Cook & Hayman, 2010). Technically, it is clear that UK has recovered from a recession. However, this financial turmoil has left a great deal of damage in its wake. Banks have become

Summary paper on book 1 free choice of the will by Augustine of hippo Essay

Summary paper on book 1 free choice of the will by Augustine of hippo - Essay Example On the other hand, those who do evil and sin but are God’s chosen, are not going to be punished because they still remain saved, regardless of their behavior. Augustine persists that wrongdoing is a substance of free will at its cause, where he sounds sensible and is the least uncertain. He further stresses this by detaching wrongdoing from God’s cause. All what is God-made is good according to Augustine, and for that reason, he says god cannot be the cause of evil. He argues that evil is committed in the act of free will of humanity, and adds that it can also be in free will of angles, but not God. On the other hand, his persistence about Gods actions of good will being by God’s grace seems to disagree with his own affirmation on choice of free will. While God should not be the one to blame for wrong doing, God is given all the praise and glory for good, despite the bad deeds committed by those who have done things according to the good will. Therefore, people should be blamed for the bad things they do and cause, but do not deserve any recognition for whatever good they do. According to Augustine, people’s capability to operate according to their own free will has been seriously weakened by the obsession and desires. They lack the strength to control their needs, so they are controlled and driven by lust. Augustine believes that lust is one of the biggest sin of all and that it troubles very many people, who end up giving in to it readily and gladly. This is proof of the weakness of free will. Where Augustine makes outstanding points on the way flesh desires directly disagreeing with the spirit, the way he argues that we behave in good manner by God’s grace is in direct disagreement with his persistence that evil is a deed of free will. If we are made good by God, then why cannot the devil be the cause to sin, when we act badly? As Augustine insists that we as human beings have free will, it means we are responsible for the bad

Theory and Evidence-Based Practice of Nursing Essay Example for Free

Theory and Evidence-Based Practice of Nursing Essay Introduction Evidence-based nursing is acknowledged as an approach to nursing care that guides to enhance patient outcomes. Qouting McEwen (2002) Kelly L. Penz and Sandra L. Bassenski pointed out that in nursing practice, formalities, remote, unsystematic clinical experiences and ungrounded opinions, and traditions as the basis of practice should be de-emphasized by incorporating into clinical practice evidence-based approach to nursing care. In explaining what evidence-based approach means, Penz and Bassendowski cited Estabrook’s (1998) explanation that evidence-based nursing â€Å"is a discipline in which nurses make clinical decisions using current best research evidence, which is then blended with approved policies and clinical guidelines, clinical expertise and judgment, and patient preferences† (Penz Bassendowski 2006, p 250). In other words, evidence-based nursing practice is more than just a research; it is more than a theory or practice. However, evidence-based practice of nursing is currently subject of debate among nursing scholars and educators. Gail J. Mitchell (1999) contends that the concept of evidence-based practice â€Å"is not only a barren possibility but also obstructs nursing process, human care, and professional accountability† (Mitchell 1999, p. 271). Mitchell argued that the usefulness of the evidence has been â€Å"wrongfully cast in the context of legitimizing nursing as a profession instead of describing evidence as one possible resource for supporting client’s decision making† (Mitchell, p. 271). The Relationship between Theory and Evidenced-Based Nursing Practice In nursing practice, theory is a pattern of knowing, Jacqueline Fawcett noted that theory comes from Greek word theoria, â€Å"To see† which means to reveal phenomena that is previously hidden from our awareness and attention. Deborah Upton (1999) pointed out that theory, practice, and research identify the science of nursing. Upton emphasized that theories embrace nursing as a science, which, in the case of evidence- based practice, the basic tenet is on sound information anchored on research findings and scientific development. Fawcett pointed out that theories constitute much of the knowledge of a discipline and theory and experiences are the lenses through which we conduct inquiry. The outcome of the inquiry comprises the evidence that finds out the adequacy of the theory. In nursing practice, theory guided practice means the traditional scientific approach to clinical care while in evidence-based practice a nurse can decide on the relevance of the evidence for the patient care. According to Penz and Baseendowski evidence-based practice fills the gap between theory, research, and practice. It means that theory alone or evidence alone is insufficient basis of clinical care, but combining the two make a useful clinical approach that has potential â€Å"to improve patient care in all clinical practice setting† (Penz Bassendowski p. 251). The relationship therefore of theory and evidence-based nursing practice is that evidence-based practice absorbed theories and incorporating it including research, patient’s preferences, and other approved guidelines of the clinical practice. Penz and Bassendowski noted the study of Alligood and Tomey (2002) suggesting that theoretical knowledge when blended into the practice of nursing, results to enhanced professional autonomy. Alligood and Tomey pointed out that when nursing theory is used to direct clinical opinion and decision making , nurses can comprehend what they do and why, and they are capable to explain this to other health professional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Further explanation of the relationship between theory and evidence-based practice can be established in the meaning and purpose of theory it self. Lynn Rew pointed out that it is theory that framed or determined what really count as evidence. Based on the premise that â€Å"theory is the reason for and the value of the evidence,† Rew provided a framework based on three factors: Components, Purpose, and Outcomes, which depicts ideal relationship between theory and evidence-based nursing practice. Rew pointed out that the components of theory are concepts and statement, while practice, is phenomena of concern and problems to be solved. The Purpose of theory is to organize ideas, while Practice delimits ideas, the Outcomes are theory construction framework for practice, and policies while in practice, evidence-based practice, generalizable programs, and interventions. She explained that concepts of theory reflect the phenomena of concern in a practice discipline, while the definition and purpose are abstractions of the practical problems to be solved in the practice arena. The outcomes of theory construction guides practice and policy development. Thus theory is highly related to evidence-based practice by virtue of determining the evidence. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite of the different emphasis of theory based nursing and evidence-based nursing practice, the aim of both camps is to advance the clinical care of the nursing practice for the benefit of the patient. However, the conflict of emphasis threatened to abolished the long established processes of clinical care in favor of evidence based nursing practice which are not really completely proven very successful in clinical treatment. Tracing therefore the relationship between theory and evidence-based nursing practice helps not only to understand what the conflict was all about but also it gives proper understanding of the nursing practice particularly the evidence-based nursing. Whether theory guided practice or evidence-based nursing practice, what is important is that the nursing practice should be understandable to nurses and to the patient.    Reference Fawcett, J.; Watson, J.; Neuman, B.; Walker, P.; Fitzpatrick, J. (2001) On Nursing Theories and Evicence. USA: Sigma Theta Tau International. http://classes.kumc.edu/son/nrsg750/articles/nursing_theories.pdf Mitchell, G. J. Evidence-Based Practice: Critique and Alternative View. Penz, K. L. Bassendowski, S. L. ( 2006)Evidence-Based Nursing in Clinical Practice: Implications for Nurse Educators. Canada. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. Vol.37, No. 6 (November/December) http://www.orthonurse.org/portals/0/EBP%20Clinical%20Practice.pdf Rew, L (2005) Adolescent Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Theory, Research. United States of America: SAGE Publication Upton, D. J., (1999) How Can We Achieved Evidence-based Practice if we a Theory- Practice Gap in Nursing Today? Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol. 29 (3) England: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Race-Ethnicity and Diagnosis as Predictors Essay Example for Free

Race-Ethnicity and Diagnosis as Predictors Essay The purpose of this article was to understand and examine the number of outpatients for patients with substance abuse or mental health problem. The data was collected from 12 outpatient mental health and substance abuse facilities in four U. S. Census Regions. The authors put forward three hypotheses that guided the way that they will approach the research problem. The first hypothesis was by keeping all social-demographic information constant e. g. , sex and age, the condition of non-Latino blacks and Latinos was worse when compared with non-Latino whites. The second hypothesis was that the patients with dual medical conditions e. g. mental problems and substance use disorders could be expected to visit the hospital more times when compared with patients with single medical condition. Lastly, the third hypothesis was that the number of non-Latino blacks and Latinos would have visited the hospital less frequently when compared to non-Latino whites. The target population was outpatients in the United States. The study sample of 1,899 patients with mental health and substance abuse problems was obtained from 12 outpatient mental health or substance abuse treatment centers within a period of two months (May 2001 – June 2002). Out of this number, diagnoses for 1807 patients were obtained from the medical facilities. Patients who had substance and psychiatric problems were included in the study factoring the racial-ethnicity criterion: non-Latino black, Latino and non-Latino whites. The response rate of the study was 95. 26%. This rate of success may be attributed to the fact that information was retrieved from health facilities databases. Nevertheless, specifying that the sample come from only health facilities reduces the relevance of the study because there are patients with medical and substance abuse problems and they do not visit the health facilities. External validity plays a crucial role in defining the extent of success of the project. Some information and data were missing and thus the authors had to approximate the missing data utilizing technological capabilities. However, since the data was obtained from both the public and private medical facilities indicates that all social class population was factored into the consideration. The data that were utilized were obtained from records that the medical facilities keep; hence, the data was specific and applicable in solving the hypotheses. This means that the sampling plan was appropriate to some extent (because they analyzed hospital records and not analyzing the entire community) for analyzing the effect of substance abuse and psychiatric problems. Nevertheless, the sample was not fully representative of the entire population because the sample was only picked from only 12 health facilities. Some people with psychiatric problems and substance abuse do not visit medical facilities. In the case of substance abuse, the authors could have picked additional sample from counseling and other corrective facilities such as jails. The type of study was descriptive because it tries to show the link that exists between race-ethnicity and medical conditions: mental health and substance abuse. The main threats to external validity are the extent of analysis and acquisition of the sample. The data of 92 patients was missing. However, through calculations and approximations these data was obtained, which to some extend jeopardize validity of the research. The study shows that there is some racial and ethnicity difference in substance abuse and psychiatric problems in population of non-Latino black, non-Latino white and Latinos. The study should have extended to other population type such as Hispanics and African-Americans to understand the real extent of mental conditions and substance abuse to the entire population. The independent variables were the group of the targeted population e. g. Non-Latinos white, non-Latino black and Latinos. The dependent variables are the medical conditions that were being analyzed e. g. substance abuse and psychiatric conditions. The intervening variables are the link and relationship that exists between the medical conditions and patients who accessed the medical facility. The authors were able to balance and analyze dependent, independent and intervening variables in achieving the goals of the study. The authors collected the data from outpatient facilities in twelve medical facilities. The data was obtained from the hospital databases and other recordings. Moreover, additional data was obtained through approximation of missing sample data. The authors were able to visit both public and private facilities to ensure for some external credibility. This strategy ensured that specific data was utilized in the study. Obtaining the data from medical facilities increased its validity and reliability. However, the approximation of the missing data was the main weakness and specifying the population that is analyzed e. g. obtaining data from medical facilities rather than obtaining additional data from other agencies. The data that was obtained was grouped into six parts utilizing the BASIS-24 domains with the help of PROC MI in obtaining the missing data. The authors obtained diagnosis for 1,807 patients out of the 1,899 patients. From the analysis, the authors found out that Latino and Non-Latino black patients reported worse symptoms of substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders when compared with non-Latino white. The authors found out that there was no relation between race-ethnicity with medical conditions. The study also showed that Latinos reported greater emotional liability, self-harm symptoms and interpersonal functioning compared with non-Latino blacks and non-Latino whites. Additionally, the study found out that self-harm symptoms were greater in non-Latino black when compared with non-Latino whites. The unique difference that existed between the Latinos and non-Latino blacks is that the severity of substance use disorders in non-Latino blacks is greater than that of the Latino. The authors found that the relationship that exists among the three populations types was depressive symptoms and their (population) functioning capabilities. The findings of the study differed with evidence that indicates lower rates of mental health problems between the Latino and non-Latino black populations in the treatment of substance abuse. The authors have clearly explained strengths and shortcomings that may occur. The strength of the methodology was the ability of the authors to pick specific data in hospitals and utilizing it to understand the medical condition of the population. The methodology that was utilized had various weaknesses, especially in collecting the data and analyzing it. The population that was utilized did not define the entire population because the authors utilized medical records. They could have incorporated other institutions in understanding substance abuse and psychiatric conditions. Moreover, they obtained some missing data through utilization of technological machines. This increase chances of errors in the final analysis. The authors were able to compare their findings with previous research and the conclusion indicates the entire study has achieved its goals.

Impact of PSD2 on the Banking and Payment Industry

Impact of PSD2 on the Banking and Payment Industry Critically evaluate PSD2[1] and its potential impact upon the payments industry, the Banks and the UK customer. Is PSD2 likely to achieve its aims? PSD2 is the second payment directive that came into force in January 2016, as a fundamental piece of payments legislation within Europe, and the first European Law to affect sterling payments.ÂÂ   It is the artefact of an appraisal of the inventive of Payment Services Directive, which requires PSPs (payment service providers) to make significant number of changes to existing operations. On October 8, 2015, the European Parliament received the changed order on Payment Services (PSD2). It requires Europes banks to offer TTP more prominent access to client information and instalment foundation, and gives banks until 2018 to follow its mandates. Depending on how banks react, the new order can be either an impetus for kicking off the advancement of important new plans of action or a risk that will generate genuine focused difficulties. The Directive entails that all Members states contrivance these guidelines as a state law by the year 2018 on the 13th of January. The European Commission used determination to regularly integrate appraisal targets into the Directives, to ensure that the directions endure to be for the specific aim. With the reception of the Payment Services Directive (PSD2), an irreversible move to open managing an account in Europe has turned out to be unavoidable. Europes banks cant bear to sit tight for the authority PSD2 execution date in 2018 to define a key reaction. The primary charge services Directive (PSD) was carried out in the United Kingdom through the bills services guidelines in 2009. It turned into designed to establish a European wide felony framework for price offerings by using placing the data requirements and the respective rights and obligations of price service customers and vendors. It also introduced a new class of PSP, specifically, charge establishments, example: providers of price offerings unconnected to the taking of deposits or the issuing of digital cash, with the aid of laying down the authorisation necessities. European Directives set a EU wide guidelines on market practice, which all the Member States are required to put into effect a rule modifications by a certain date (the transposition cut-off date). In the United Kingdom, the rules are normally carried out by means of Statutory units and from time to time, through Parliamentary Acts. In 2012, the European Commission revised the Payments Services Directives and found that, the legislation had obligated several benefits. Such benefits included a prime enabling of market entrance and, an upsurge in competition for structured payment institutions. The Payment Services Directives provided the groundwork for the effective execution for the SEPA (the Single Euro Payments Area), which went on to greatly enhance the economies. The point of open banking in Europe has been set, which provides standardised access to customer data and banking set-up. The fences for access to third party providers and financial technology companies, are lowered due to the Payments Services Directive by motivating the growth of innovative corporate models and an extensive variety of novel banking amenities. This allows the Payments Services Directive to be a key substance of the commotion and tactical restitution in the banking economies within Europe. The trades within Europe have underway started to hold the varieties of facilities, as well as the corporations that will likely substitute the Payment Services Directive (PSD2). A PwC Strategy consider on PSD2, directed in the primary quarter of 2016, recommends that 88 percent of buyers utilise TTP for online instalments, which demonstrates that there is an expansive, prepared base of clients for other advanced managing an account administrations. All things considered, the gene ral reaction of Europes financiers to Payment Service Directive is one of instability. Although 68 percent of brokers dread that PSD2 will make them lose control of the customer interface, large portions of them stay uncertain how to react to the new order. Subsequently, they are embracing a cautious, keep a watch out position that is hazard disinclined. Interestingly, there are a couple banks and more TTP, that are grasping the potential outcomes of open managing an account also, seeking after methodologies went for winning a main part in the future. Third Party Providers is viewed as a huge change brought by PSD2. It in a general sense changes our association with the bank. This is the first run through keeps money with their client assent will permit TTP access to accounts. By permitting access to accounts, PSD2 makes two noteworthy parts for TTP to play. The European Parliament embraced PSD2 to make it less demanding, quicker, and less costly for customers to pay for products and enterprises, by advancing advancement improving instalment security, and institutionalising instalment frameworks crosswise over Europe. The Payment Services Directive utilises three instruments to accomplish this. The First is, it extends the administrative domain of the European Union to incorporate new sorts of suppliers, for example, instalment start and record data administrations. The Second is, it forces restrictions on exchange charges and stricter guidelines on discounts to lower exchange costs for shoppers. And lastly, the most troublesome that requires European banks to open their instalment foundation and client information to TTP of money related administrations. Imbursement start administration will give another option to card expenses, by moving cash from payer records to traders specifically. This will surely hit card organisation incomes, at any rate in Europe. Even though the specialised subtle elements of the Payment Services Directive have not been completely indicated yet, banks will undoubtedly need to utilise application programming interfaces, such as the Advance Passenger Information System (APIs). These institutionalised interfaces are intense facilitators and drivers of computerised businesses has passed their utilisation in the trading of information, APIs permit organisations to receive a secluded approach for rapidly and cost-successfully making and scaling new organisations. Therefore, the pace of API advancement and utilise is quickening in various enterprises. An example will be Uber for instance, rapidly developed from a little start up to a worldwide organisation by incorporating accomplice abilities by means of APIs. It utilises the Google Maps API to find clients and track drivers, Googles Cloud Messaging API for texting, and PayPals Braintree API for instalment. Notwithstanding utilising APIs, Uber additionally has built up its own API and gave it to different organisations to augment the span of its administrations. For example, Openable, the online reservation organises joins Ubers API in its application to permit clients to orchestrate go to and from eateries when they reserve a spot. Organisations, for example, Amazon, eBay, Facebook, Salesforce, and Twitter additionally have effectively utilised APIs to reinforce their capacities and fabricate their organisations. Presently, European banks must open their information and framework to satisfy administrative necessities. Even though the pronounced concentration of PSD2 is on instalments and access to records, its consequences reach out a long way past that restricted zone. Notwithstanding utilising APIs to accomplish compliance. Europes banks and TTP will have the capacity to utilise them significantly more deliberately. They could add outsider abilities to their centre business offerings through APIs, along these lines making and testing new models and ideas quicker and driving down their cost of development. They could support their cross-offering endeavours and develop their venture into new markets by giving their APIs to TTP. Whats more, they could utilise the shopper conduct and inclination information that collect from these exercises to build up the bits of knowledge expected to make extra new purchaser items and administrations. How much traders can profit by this abnormal state of trust in their instalment administrations will be a vital figure deciding the aggressive danger they posture to banks. On the off chance that they can join high trust levels with exclusive purchaser conduct and inclination information, traders could make a strong establishment for growing past instalments into different administrations, for example, account checking and individual money related administration, that banks have conventionally marketed. The control of the Payment Services Directive has been envisioned as problematic. On one hand, it prepared for new contestant in a range which for quite a long time worked in close fences. Then again it challenges places of existent players by empowering straightforwardness. There were uncommon open doors for new companies, however the greater part of that is going to change as regardless of its disturbance, for those of us in the UK the entire PSD2 brings up new issues about its pertinence after Brexit. For those organisations who stay inside the EU, they will keep on receiving the advantages of instalment information sharing through the mix of PSD2 and SEPA. UK based FinTech organisations outside the European Union might be enticed to migrate into the European Union. An Account Information Service which is also known as AIS, is characterised in Article 4(16) as an online service to provide consolidated information on one or more payment accounts held by the payment service user with either another payment service provider or with more than one payment service provider. PSD2 presents the Account Information Service Providers, AIPs whom are regularly alluded to as TTP, who are permitted to give an accumulated perspective of the client(s) records. The PSD2 content makes it clear that clients have a privilege to utilise PIS and AIS where that beneath PSD2, this information cannot be given out and such information can only be done, with the full consent from the client. That implies faster, more straightforward administrations, access to cash and computerised applications, which gives combined perspectives of accounts and in addition more oversee assets. For instance, if you have accounts in numerous Banks, you regularly have admittance to accounts through every Bank stage, the record data administrations API urge TTP to give a merged perspective of all the accounts. It is discernible that PSD2 wont permit banks to separate diversely to payments started utilising TTP, compared to that of the one started through their own system. It is evident that such access of records and payment start opportunity fuelled development, by permitting innovation new businesses to work into a region which was not accessible before. This implies a level playing field for new participant and occupant cultivates rivalry, development, and controlled situations. These progressions mirror the market development in E-Commerce business exercises and utilisation of web and portable payments and in addition, the ascent of new mechanical improvements and a pattern towards clients having associations with different record suppliers. Advance clarity with regards to the degree, is relied upon to develop amid the transposition stage. Notwithstanding, commonly, a dealer may incorporate a start to benefit given by a PISP into its online checkout procedure, to empower it to offer the choice of online acknowledge exchanges as another option to use another than to pay with Debit or Credit card. PIS could likewise be offered nearby AIS to move cash starting with one paying account then onto the next, considering the data accumulated. AIS permit purchasers and organisations to acquire a merged perspective of their records and to utilise instruments to investigate their exchanges and going through examples with at least one PSPs. Managers are very much aware of security concerns raised because of incorporation of TTP in the region which was beforehand accessible just to bank-particular channels. The Payment Service Directive has considered how important this matter is, and has set down new security necessities for other methods and ways to start payments and ease of convenience. PSD2 brings the idea of SCA, which is a more secure verification instrument that goes past two element validation, with the first validation being that, something a client knows, such as, a password or a memorable answer to a security question. The second validation is that, is prove ownership by stating a memorable passcode number(s). SCA presents a third measurement alluded as inherence recognises that client(s), can have access the option of fingerprints or voice biometrics. The exchange is an expression that rose out of the first PSD, which alludes to the exchanges where payers or beneficiaries are based outside of the European Union. In the first PSD, the exchanges were out of degree. It was the main European Union monetary forms that were initially focused on. PSD2 expanded the extent of the first PSD. Exchanges in any coin where both the payers and beneficiaries pay specialist cooperation that is situated in the European Union go under PSD2 transmit. Exchanges in any money where either the PSP or the beneficiarys PSP is situated in the European Union, regardless of different PSPs situated outside the European Union, go under the PSD2 dispatch. PSD2 presented more positive discount open doors for direct charge. Sitting aside the definitive expected and hopeful result of PSD2, there are absolutely some critical breakthroughs still to be accomplished if the venture is to stay on focus for conveyance in mid 2018. While the banks have regularly commenced consistence extends, and have gained ground to more prominent or lesser degrees, they are sitting tight for some basic additional data from the European Banking Authority, to which the Commission has appointed duty regarding the production of the Regulatory Technical Standards required for PSD2 usage. These specialized guidelines will go some approach to characterizing how banks will be required to give access to record data to outsiders, for instance by means of an API. They will likewise cover how the solid (two element) validation PSD2 presents, to expand the security of electronic payments, should be actualised. The specialised principles wont be accessible in draft shape for conference until the end of 2016, and they wont be finished for y ear and a half after that, which implies that associations need to arrange their systems in view of the data as of now accessible, and arrangements considering set up specialised models ought to give adaptability if any change is required when the specialised rules are settled. Work Cited https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/12833/does-psd2-still-matter-to-uk-after-brexit https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/Catalyst-or-threat.pdf http://www.paymentsuk.org.uk/sites/default/files/PSD2%20report%20June%202016.pdf https://www.ingwb.com/media/1609662/preparing-for-psd2_vroegh.pdf [1] DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/2366 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC

Macbeth :: essays research papers

History is made up of many time periods, many of these periods had a certain norm, and a way of thinking that was accepted and adopted by the majority of the people. In the Elizabethan/Jacobean time period the notion accepted and in place at the time was that of a great chain of being. This notion in which God is at the top, then comes the planets, the angels, human kind and finally the animal kingdom. In fact, it was based on psalm 8 and placed God, the all-powerful being, on the uppermost link of the chain and gave him all the power. In order for any other being or thing to possess power he/it could do so only with the permission of God or in accordance to the will of God. In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare, pushes the concept of primogeniture and also the fact that the king is put into power by the will of God and anyone opposing the king would not only cause a great disturbance in the great chain of being but would likewise be going against the will of God. In doing this, is Shakespeare convincing enough or is this idea hype and without substance? To explore this notion we must first look at the characters Shakespeare uses to promote this notion. An obvious character to start with would have to be the one who is king at the beginning of the play. Duncan is a righteous king, one who is greatly respected by many of his subjects. Even the man, who killed him, did so, not because of Duncan's unjustly ruling but rather out of personal greed. Before Macbeth's greed for power consumed him, he praises Duncan during his struggle with the decision of whether or not to usurp the throne and in doing so, cause great chaos according to the great chain of being. We see this when Macbeth says: "†¦ This Duncan hath born his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against the deep damnation of his taking off†¦." Yet in all his greatness and although chosen supposedly by God, Duncan was only human and possessed negative qualities as well. The king, Duncan, was not in battle (along side his Generals), he is at a nearby camp (I: II, p1). This suggests that the king is dependent of other for his own protection. We see the naivete that Duncan possesses when he says: "He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust." (I: IV; 15-16, p.11) In fact he complete trust in a man who was in an enemy.

the story of an hour :: essays research papers

In Kate Chopin's short story "The Story of an Hour," there is much irony. The first irony detected is in the way that Louise reacts to the news of the death of her husband, Brently Mallard. Before Louise's reaction is revealed, Chopin alludes to how the widow feels by describing the world according to her perception of it after the "horrible" news. Louise is said to "not hear the story as many women have heard the same." Rather, she accepts it and goes to her room to be alone. Now the reader starts to see the world through Louise's eyes, a world full of new and pure life. In her room, Louise sinks into a comfortable chair and looks out her window. Immediately the image of comfort seems to strike a odd note. One reading this story should question the use of this word " comfortable" and why Louise is not beating the furniture instead. Next, the newly widowed women is looking out of the window and sees spring and all the new life it brings. The descriptions used now are as far away from death as possible. "The delicios breath of rain...the notes of a distant song...countless sparrows were twittering...patches of blue sky...." All these are beautiful images of life , the reader is quite confused by this most unusual foreshadowing until Louise's reaction is explained. The widow whispers "Free, free, free!" Louise realizes that her husband had loved her, but she goes on to explain that as men and women often inhibit eachother, even if it is done with the best of intentions, they exert their own wills upon eachother. She realized that although at times she had loved him, she has regained her freedom, a state of beeing that all of G-d's creatures strive for. Although this reaction is completely unexpected, the reader quickly accepts it because of Louise's adequate explanation. She grows excited and begins to fantasize about living her life for herself. With this realization, she wishes that "life might be long," and she feels like a "goddess of Victory" as she walks down the stairs. This is an eerie forshadowing for an even more unexpected ending. The reader has just accepted Louise's reaction to her husband's death, when the most unexpected happens; her husband is actually alive and he enters the room shocking everyone, and Louise especially, as she is shocked to death.

The Horror of Christianity Essay -- essays research papers

"A Pagan Joke" A Pagan died and, much to her surprise, found herself at the Pearly Gates facing St. Peter. He walked up to her and said, "Hello, and welcome." She stared at St. Peter in complete confusion. "Wait a minute," she said. "I was supposed to end up in the Summerlands." He smiled. "Ah, you must be one of our Pagan sisters. Follow me, please." Peter gestured for her to follow him down a small path, which went through the gates and down a bit to the left. They walked for a short while, then he stepped back and gestured her forward. Looking past his hand, she saw the verdant fields and forests of her desired Summerlands. She saw people feasting, dancing, and making merry, exactly as she expected. While shaking her head in wonder, the Pagan happened to glance over to one side and saw a small group of people a short way away from the edge of the Summerlands. The people in the group were watching the revelers, but not joining them. Instead, they were screa ming and weeping piteously. The Pagan looked at St. Peter. "Who are those people?" St. Peter replied, "Them? They're fundamentalists. They're a bit surprised to see you all there, so they stand there and carry on like that all day." â€Å"Why? Don't they have better things to do?" Peter leaned conspiratorially toward her. "They don't really have a choice. They're actually in Hell. God doesn't like being told what He thinks." I start this paper with this joke to prove a point. When read, pagans, athiests, and those that lie outside the mainstream of Christianity will enjoy it, while Christian Fundamentalists and Conservatives will think it is in poor taste. Some might go so far as to say â€Å"My goodness, he is going to step on a lot of toes with that!† The question remains, though, WHOSE toes, and why does it matter? The answer can be found if we examine the psychology of Christianity. Christianity is one of the worlds most widespread and pervasive religions, and has been around a good long while. Wherever it goes, it seems to spread and promulgate and overrun. Evangelistic Christians send out missionaries to fulfill one of the commands given to them in the Bible: â€Å"Go ye forth and preach the Gospel to all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.† (Mt. 28:19) Christi... ...rt or be ostracized, join or suffer, love Christ or be of the devil, and accept the Church or be destroyed. Not all Christians do this and not at all times. But some Christians do commit acts of destruction and this fearful violence is occurring everyday and has occurred for most of the last two millennia somewhere on our world. â€Å"The night is black, Without a moon. the air is thick and still. The vigilantes gather on The lonely torchlit hill. Features distorted in the flickering light, The faces are twisted and grotesque. Silent and stern in the sweltering night, The mob moves like demons possesed. Quiet in conscience, calm in their right, Confident their ways are best. The righteous rise With burning eyes Of hatred and ill-will. Madmen fed on fear and lies To beat and burn and kill. They say there are strangers who threaten us, In our immigrants and infidels. They say there is strangeness too dangerous In our theatres and bookstore shelves, That those who know what's best for us Must rise and save us from ourselves. Quick to judge, Quick to anger, Slow to understand Ignorance and prejudice And fear Walk hand in hand....† ~Neil Peart, Witch Hunt

Argument: Why You Should Eat Kimchi

Maintaining a history that spans over 3,000 years, kimchi is hands down one of the more known and popular dishes in society today.   It is arguably one of the healthiest dishes one could eat.   Unlike other prepared foods that have their benefits but also their drawbacksif one were to overindulge in them, kimchi has developed a stigma of being the one food, if prepared correctly, that can be over abused and will cause no detriment to one’s health.   Another uncommon advantage kimchi has over its culinary competition is that in-spite its major health benefits, it is also a quite tasty snack.   This dish is growing in such popularity that the public may one day find it served along side most meals in western restaurants.Kimchi, also known as gimchi, or kimchee is a Korean fermented meal made of seasoned vegetables.   The chi in the spelling translates as nature energy.   Some of the dishes known to be made from Kimchi are kimchi stew, and kimchi fried rice.   It is known as being a very flavorful and healthy substance, which only adds to its popularity.It is considered to be Koreas best known food.   In fact, the name kimchi is a generic label applied to a multitude of seasonal and regional fermented, or pickled, vegetables flavored with seafood and spices.   It is high in vitamins, minerals and lactic acid.   It is usually produced in late autumn and stored during the long cold Korean winters.   Kimchi has been such an influential part of Korean culture that there is a museum devoted entirely to the fermented dish.   The Kimchi Field Museum located in Seoul has documented as many as 200 distinct types of kimchi.Historically, Kimchi can be traced as far back as ancient times, almost 3,000 years ago.   In the very first Chinese poetry book, ShiKyung, a reference to kimchi was made.   It was referred to as Ji, which was the term used before it was known as Chimchae.   The most primitive use of kimchi consisted solely of salted v egetables.   It wasn’t until the 12th century that people started to include other spices with kimchi, such as sweet and sour, or colors of kimchi, like orange and white.One very ironic fact pertaining to the popular growth of this dish can be seen in the fact that chili peppers have become a standard contemporary ingredient to use with kimchi, but they were unknown in Korea until the early 17th century.   They originated in the New World and they were introduced to East Asia by through western trade.   Kimchi made with chili peppers and Napa cabbage/ Chinese white cabbage developed popularity in the 19th century.   Referred to as baechu kimchi, it continues to be the more commonly used form of kimchi to date.It is a popular concept that one can eat as much Korean food as they want without gaining weight.   This is thought to be due to the fact that there is virtually no fat in Korean dishes.   On top of this, the use of meat in most Korean meals is balanced and t hought to complement the meal as opposed to dominate it.Among the family of Korean dishes, kimchi is thought to be the most energizing and wholesome.   A common argument in favor of kimchi as the best health food is that it keeps for weeks in the refrigerator without losing potency.   It is said to eliminate cholesterol, and promote intestinal health.   These benefits are considered coincidental additives to the fact that it contains a high concentration of dietary fibers; it’s very low in calories and provides 80% of the daily requiredA popular method of preparing kimchi, specifically cold cabbage kimchi, is to clean the cabbages and soak them for several hours in salt-water brine.   Once the cabbages have softened the complimentary ingredients are applied.   Ground pepper powder, garlic, and ginger the more common spices added to this dish.   Pickled baby shrimp and other pickled seafood are also added to contribute taste.The health benefits of Kimchi are vast a nd they stem from the diverse variety of vegetables and spices added to the dish.   Its ability to eliminate cholesterol is credited to the use of garlic and onions.   The powerful healing effects of garlic have become an inherent part of contemporary dietary knowledge.   Garlic is a powerful anti-oxidant, which means it prevents oxygen from combining with things keeping the kimichi fresh.Vinegar and oil are also known to do this.   Just in the sense of it being a preservative, garlic is major contributor to kimchi.   Garlic also provides major support for one’s dietary health, after it has been digested.   The oil in garlic is 60% allicin, which is a substance that reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the major causes of heart attacks and strokes (Klein, p.30).   There is no other food that can claim a substantial amount of fresh garlic other than kimchi.Garlic is such a powerful dietary supplement that it is said to combat allergies, regulate blood sugar levels in diabetics and hypoglycemics and reduce stress, while boosting energy. The substantial amount of garlic alone has caused many critics to argue that kimchi should be eaten with every meal. On top of allicin, garlic also has selenium, which is a key ingredient the body uses to keep the skin and hair healthy as well as prevent wrinkles.   Jack Challum in The Nutrition Detective found that selenium deficiencies are responsible for ailments like the flu, the Ebola epidemic, and AIDs.Selenium, found in garlic, is also a major source of glutathione, which is a substance the body makes from amino acids glutamine, cysteine, and glutamic acid.   Glutathione peroxidase is a vitamin C booster.   Therefore, since garlic’s selenium boosts and preserves the amount of vitamin C in the body and vitamin C is responsible for transporting fat molecules across cell walls to fuel muscle cells, both garlic and vegetables keep the body thinner and more energetic.Another kimchi i ngredient that vitamin C is very common in is chili peppers.   Hot peppers are known to have the highest concentration of Vitamin C out of every known food (Pauling, p.61).   It is considered to be a well known fact in the dietary world that peppers have ten times the amount of Vitamin C than any other food, and good Korean kumchi is known to use a lot.   In addition to this, capsaicin, the ingredient that makes the peppers hot is also known to alleviate the pain of arthritis.The core source of kimchi’s health benefits can be found in the fact that its ingredients are traditionally organic and 100% natural.   The fruits and vegetables of which kimchi consists are all major sources of fiber, minerals, enzymes, phytochemicals, and vitamins.   As previously shown this is especially true of Vitamin C.   Broccoli is an example that is very commonly used to prepare kimchi, and it known to have more vitamin C than can be found in an orange, while still being a substantia l source of minerals and phytochemicals.   This also puts kimchi at a disadvantage competing with most western foods, considering that a large majority of our foods are inorganic.   Kimchi isn’t nearly as beneficial to one’s health if the substances it is composed of are not 100% natural.Phytochemicals are plant compounds that form to protect the plant from sunlight. They act as antioxidants, and also help preserve and protect Vitamin C. (If you take a Vitamin C supplement, as you should, then you should accompany it with a phytochemical supplement, in a 1:1 ratio.) There are a dozen amino acids, a couple dozen vitamins, and about as many minerals. But there are 2,000 phytochemicals we understand, 200,000 we know about, and more than 2,000,000 possible combinations of the fundamental elements that go into them. (Pauling, p.61)As shown in Linus Pauling’s article, How to Live Longer and Feel Better, phytochemicals are very important to the human body, and a co re part of fresh produce.   Pauling goes on to point out that many of the most important phytochemicals don’t form until the last few stages of the ripening process.   Western consumers are put at a disadvantage in the fact that the majority of the produce they eat is being picked prematurely.   This kills a major part of their nutrients and also makes it virtually impossible to prepare authentic kimchi anywhere other than Korea.In sum, kimchi is an invaluable additive to the complete diet.   It serves too many needs and provides too much cleansing of the body for it to just be treated as an occasional snack.   Kimchi should be eaten with every meal, and if done so will undeniably the healthiest part of one’s complete diet.   The ability of this dish to provide so much energy for the body while at the same tame being composed of virtually no fat is only more reason for it to be applied to the daily diet of a workout plan.   The final trait that kimchi has working in it favor is its flavorful applicability.   It can basically be added to, or compliment any meat or seafood with appetizing results.   The dish has no weak points, and one would be foolish not to make kimchi a daily part of their diet.Work CitedKlein, p. 30 and â€Å"Garlic: Modern Application of an Ancient Food,† Total Healthmagazine, Vol. 12, April 1990, p. 49.Lee, Florence. Kimchi: A Natural Health Food, Hollym International. New York.Matucci-Cerinic, et al. â€Å"Effects of Capsaicin on the Metabolism of Rheumatoid ArthritisSynviocytes in Vitro,† Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, Vol. 49, August 1990, p.598Pauling, Linus. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. W. H. Freemand and Co., NY, p. 61

A Microfinance MIS

Mifos is an internet based management information system designed for microfinance. The system is user friendly and flexible for the company and it’s client information. Mifos is a unique system that provides tools which allows the user to research client’s information. This information used for this system would research information such as payments, client personal information for their accounts, reports and much more. The system helps the user navigate to different accounts and provides details of an individual client. There are several tabs the user can navigate to with the system. The first tab is the home tab which allows the user to search for the client’s information by name or groups. The second tab is clients and accounts tab to give full detail of the client’s information. In this tab the user can assist the client with opening accounts, closing and reviewing the client’s information and questions the client may have. The third tab is the report tab; this tab is used to process operational and financial reports. The last tab is the Administrative tab which is only used by a designated office administrator to create new system users and find office products. These tabs are provided to make sure information can be accessed and the side tabs are in place help the user navigate through the system without problems. The Mifos system is for IT skilled users and designed for financing purposes only.

Character breakdown

Set at a fictional university, all the characters reside in a fraternity sponsored house within the confines of university grounds. All the characters are an attempt to break stereotypes, and come from regularly viewed backgrounds found in American society. Marcus Pullman Senior, African-American middle-class from New York. Marcus Pullman is not a star athlete, or the campus drug dealer. He is as about as average as they come, with a good GPA, an interest in football and baseball, but an even stronger interest in environmental issues and obtaining a degree in political science. He is one of many American families from the middle-income band, with a father who is a NY firefighter and a mother who works as a legal assistant at a law firm. Marcus is part of a small statistic, an alarming statistic of overall African-American males in universities in America. According to an article in 2004, â€Å"today, black men make up 41 percent of the inmates in federal state, and local prison, but black men are only 4 percent of all students in American institutions of higher education† (Maxwell). It has to be said, however, that circumstance is everything, and whilst Marcus is part of a 4% statistic, he is also one of   â€Å"17% of blacks age 25 and older who had a bachelor’s degree or more in 2005† (US Census, 2007). Marcus has been in the fraternity since his Freshman year and is seen as a figurehead of the house. Simon Li American-Asian, Freshman, music student from Louisiana. It isn’t unusual for there to be a diverse ethnicity in fraternities, but it is also been cited as something as irregular. According to some fraternity members, this comes down to simply just a matter of comfort. â€Å"Minorities don't rush because they are intimidated by the stereotypically white Greek system,† Ngan said. On the other hand, â€Å"a lot of minorities do rush, they are just more comfortable hanging out with people of the same ethnic background.†(Brubaker, 2000). Simon Li is a ‘Rushee’ and a freshman music student from Louisiana. He is a second generation American-Asian, with roots in China. According to the census bureau, Louisiana has a registered American-Asian population of 1.4% (2005) with 2.5% of firms owned by Asians in the state. Simon Li’s parents own and operate a chain of successful auto-part stores – and nothing related to restaurants or grocery stores, as is often the stereotype. Having grown-up in Louisiana, Simon has a soft spot for anything Cajun, as well as an interest in music – from country to bluegrass. His predominant interests do not lie with traditions, but with incorporating grassroot sounds with techno, or club music. Dermot â€Å"Ozzie† Sullivan Australian, Sophomore, medical student. International students continue to make-up a large percentage of undergraduates at American universities. According to Hahn-Koenig, within Philadelphia, â€Å"more than 11,000 are enrolled in the city alone, with thousands more studying elsewhere in Pennsylvania† (2007). Whilst the Australian university system is considerably good, Dermot has come to America to broaden his horizons. His family is part of the wealthy upper-class in Australia, which avails him the high tuition fees and ability to apply for a student visa. Despite Australia being a part of the Visa Waiver Program, Dermot would have had to apply for a F-1 visa in order to study in America (State Dept, 2007). Dermot is an easy-going guy who is hard-working but also knows how to enjoy life. He appears to be a well-liked sort on-campus. Victor Henson Sophomore, member of a neo-nazi group. The antagonist of the characters. Victor is a Caucasian American from a poor background in middle America. He has not known his father, and his mother continues to struggle to make ends meet and keeping a family. His family are like many who should have seen better times after Clinton’s welfare reforms, but still suffer from poverty conditions. The Anti-Defamation League have cited a 12% decline in anti-Semitic activities, in recent surveys, however â€Å"it is disturbing that there are still an average of about four anti-Semitic attacks per day in America† (ADL, 2007). Victor indulges in many on-campus parties, and unsurprising is his overindulgence in alcohol. He is the student who is trying to fit in, and is a â€Å"Rushee† of the fraternity. SCRIPT Scene: Outside the campus library. It is a noticeably Fall day, and overcast. Marcus (leaving the library): Hey, Ozzie! How’s it going? Ozzie (seated on the stairs of the library): Gudday, Marcus. Yeah, s’alright, I reckon. Weather’s a bit foul, eh? Marcus (looks up briefly, smiles): Definitely going to rain. Hey, you seen that new rushee? Uh, Victor I think his name is. Ozzie: Yeah, yeah, I have. Saw him last night. Was hammered something nasty, I tell ya. Looked real green in the bushes (laughs) Marcus: Drunk? Ozzie: Aw, totally smashed, mate. Marcus: Hm, well Freshman, I suppose. But, listen, you think you can have a talk with him? See what he wants from joining a fraternity, and if he’d fit in. (slaps Ozzie on the arm with a book) Be a spy, eh? Ozzie: Yeah, yeah. Sure. Check ya later, eh? Marcus and Ozzie part ways. Scene change: Ozzie is in the frat house with Simon, who is ‘plugged in’ to a laptop and appears to be listening to music. Ozzie throws a screwed up paper ball at him. Simon (loudly): What? Ozzie demonstrates to remove the earphones, and Simon does. Simon (normal volume): What? Ozzie: Ya seen that new kid? Victor? Simon: Yeah, he was looking a little rough in the kitchen. Told him to clean the dishes for us. Ozzie: Smooth move, mate, smooth move. Hey, what ya think of him? Simon: Meh, he’s okay, I guess. He doesn’t say much to me. Ozzie: Hm, fair enough. I’ll go talk to him. Marcus wants the scoop on him, see if he’ll fit. Simon nods and plugs back into his laptop. Ozzie goes to the kitchen where Victor is struggling in removing a pair of rubber gloves from his hands. Ozzie: Hey mate, lemme give ya a hand. Hah – get it. Victor: Yeah, I got it. Ozzie: Jeez, no humor, eh? Victor: Sorry, still hungover a bit.. and†¦ (voice trails off) Ozzie: What’s up? Feelin’ a bit crock still? Victor: Huh? Ozzie: Ill. The hangover†¦ Victor: Nah, not the hangover. Just†¦ hey, I can talk to you right, yeah? Ozzie: Sure, mate. We’re all brothers. Or, well.. you â€Å"might† be, eh? (smiles) Victor: Yeah, I guess.. well.. I don’t know. Seems really†¦ well†¦ Ozzie: What? Victor: Well, why are they in charge here? Ozzie: Who ya mean? The seniors? Victor: Nah.. well yeah.. but†¦ nevermind. Ozzie: Something bothering you, you know you can tell me. Or Marcus even, mate. Victor (sneers): I don’t think so. Ozzie: What? Marcus? Nah, he’s cool, mate. Don’t need to worry about him. He’s a good egg. Victor: Egg? Rotten, more like. His sort are nothing but trouble. Ozzie: His sort? What Greenpeace Al Gore types? (laughs) Victor: No†¦ his â€Å"sort†. Ozzie: Don’t get you mate†¦ you mean New Yorkers? Victor (laughs): Yeah†¦ New Yorkers. Whatever. Victor leaves, sees Simon still plugged in and shakes his head. Ozzie looks perplexed and follows Victor out of the house. Ozzie: Wait up. So, I don’t get what you meant in there. Victor: You want me say, for real? Ozzie: Yeah, mate. For real. Victor: I don’t trust Marcus. His type are nothing but trouble, they take advantage of everything. Ozzie: Wait, wait.. his type? What’s his type? Victor: Black, man. I got to spell it out, or what? You fucking blind? Blacks are nothing but trouble. Ozzie: Woah.. woah†¦ you can’t be serious†¦ Victor: Yeah†¦ well maybe I am. He’s always getting up in my business. Ozzie: Well you are trying to join the fraternity†¦ Victor: Yeah, well screw it. I don’t want to be a black man’s brother, ya know. Ozzie: Jesus†¦ well.. yeah, I don’t think I want you around either†¦ Marcus walks up to them outside the house. Victor falls silent but stares at Marcus. Ozzie is stunned, but looks serious. Marcus notices the uneasiness quickly. Marcus: Everything alright? Victor (snorts): Yeah, man. Victor walks away, and Marcus looks at Ozzie questioningly. Marcus: Ozzie? What happened? Ozzie: I dunno mate†¦ I really dunno†¦. References _. Lousiana State Quick Facts. Census Bureau. (available from: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22000.html ) _. New York City, Black History Month, 2007. Census Bureau Press Release, February, 2007. (available from: http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/007862.html ) _. Anti-Semitic Incidents in US. Press Release. Anti-Defamation League, 2007. (available: http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/4993-12.htm ) _ . Student Visas. US State Department, Bureau of Consular Affairs. (Available from: http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1268.html ) Brubaker, C. â€Å"Greek system concerned with diversity† The Cavalier Daily, April 5, 2000. (available: http://www.cavalierdaily.com/CVArticle.asp?ID=3898&pid=564 ) Hahn-Koenig, A. â€Å"Coming to America.† OneBigCampus.com 2007 (available: http://www.onebigcampus.com/article_comingtoamerica.htm ) Maxwell, B. â€Å"On campus, grim statistics for African-American men.† St. Petersburg Times, January 4, 2004. (available from:

Character analysis of John Ryan from the movie “Crash” Essay

I will be analyzing the character of John Ryan who is played by Matt Dillon. Ryan is a white middle-aged police officer who has been with the force for quite some time. He appears to be racist from his many encounters with the black characters. From the beginning of the movie, you can tell John is an arrogant person. He seems to feel like he is superior to the other characters. This is displayed in the way he carries himself and the way he condescends to pretty much every other character he interacts with. Minorities such as blacks, Hispanics, and Middle Eastern ethnicities are the groups most often stereotyped in the media. The movie used stereotypical characters so they would be easier to understand or identify with. John interacts with other officers of minority but he seems to have some respect for them because they are a part of his most prominent social group, the police. The other major characters he interacts with are a white officer named Tom Hansen (played by Ryan Phillipe) and a black couple named Cameron and Christine Taylor (played by Terrence Howard and Thandie Newton). He has a real disdain toward blacks because of the way minority owned businesses received preferential treatment from the government which caused his father’s business to fail. Although there are many people who would recognize the injustice of his behavior, there are also many people who would justify it because of the general stereotype of blacks. The media perpetuates the stereotype of blacks by often emphasizing their gang activity, criminal accounts, lack of education, and poverty levels. Ever since John’s father’s business went under, every offense a black person commits continues to reinforce John’s misconception of the black population. Instead of just seeing the person who commits a crime, he sees a black person who commits a crime. He assumes the reason they commit crimes is because they are black and he looks for reasons to hurt or insult any black people. John Ryan is the part of middle America that propagates the race war because he is influenced by the media and lacks the knowledge or understanding of the races different from his own. This is close to a parallel of C.P. Ellis’s and Ann Atwater’s relationship with one another, where once they realize that they aren’t so different they become good friends.